Public research library

Research

SwiftAPI Labs studies reproducible behaviors at the boundary between model output, termination, and valid continuation. Every featured result is linked to a public paper, evidence repository, or verification surface.

Featured research

Frozen studies and foundational frameworks.

Empirical records and theoretical work are labeled separately and bounded to what their evidence supports.

Frozen empirical studySeptember 23, 2026

What Changed from GPT-3.5 to GPT-4? From Model Capability to Continuation Permission

Identical semantic requests under a frozen protocol: GPT-4 returned zero-visible-byte normal-stop responses on 30/30 null trials; GPT-3.5 returned visible text on all 30. Both models returned visible text on all 30 controls.

  • Null V0: GPT-3.5 0/30; GPT-4 30/30
  • Matched controls: 0/30 V0 in both models
  • 120/120 HTTP successes and exact returned model IDs
  • 0 retries; 0 transport errors

A pinned-snapshot/model-family comparison of served systems, not a same-date emergence study or an identification of the internal mechanism. The historical gpt-3.5-turbo-0613 cell is not present.

Frozen empirical studySeptember 12, 2026

Separating Capability from Permission in a Language Model: Prerequisite-Conditioned Native Continuation Control with Frozen Content

A frozen Qwen3-4B model supplies the answer. A learned 101-parameter gate changes only the native termination score. All non-EOS logits stay fixed while permission reverses answer versus EOS.

  • 2,048/2,048 FINAL contexts; 75 answer identities
  • 40/40 answer → EOS; 40/40 EOS → correct answer
  • 80/80 sham controls; 188/188 question-only controls unchanged
  • 0 non-EOS logits changed; 101 learned permission parameters

Engineered EOS-only control over six-digit equality and frozen stock-qualified content. A separate finite-precision certificate covers the full accepted condition domain for the 188 recorded bank computations.

Frozen empirical studySeptember 9, 2026

Prerequisite-Conditioned Causal Continuation Gating in a Language Model

An open-weight model learns when to continue or stop. A fixed internal activation direction reverses GO versus native EOS with the correct reasoning prefix held fixed.

  • 4,096/4,096 exact recorded model sequences
  • 1,024/1,024 on the included unopened final set
  • 40/40 GO → EOS; 40/40 EOS → GO
  • 640/640 control outputs unchanged

Four-digit equality in a trained Qwen3-4B-derived model. The correct generated reasoning prefix is replayed token-for-token during causal intervention.

Frozen empirical studyJuly 29, 2026

Cross-Vendor Semantic Void Matrix

A frozen cross-vendor behavioral study of successful zero-visible-byte executions across 11 exact model identifiers and four providers.

  • 31,430/31,430 scheduled trials completed
  • 11 exact model identifiers across four providers
  • 11,658 total Void outcomes
  • 2,505 matched null-condition arms produced Void
  • 0/4,290 matched output-licensed controls produced Void
  • 313/500 remained Void at a 16,000-token ceiling

Exact frozen model identifiers

OpenAI

  • gpt-4-0613
  • gpt-5.2-2025-12-11
  • gpt-5.5-2026-04-23
  • gpt-5.6-luna
  • gpt-5.6-sol
  • gpt-5.6-terra

Anthropic

  • claude-opus-4-6
  • claude-fable-5
  • claude-opus-5

Google

  • gemini-3.5-flash

Moonshot

  • kimi-k3

The study establishes a reproducible black-box behavioral result. It does not establish why the models behaved this way, an internal mechanism, consciousness, intention, or shared architecture.

Frozen empirical studyAugust 4, 2026

Prompt-Conditioned Arabic-Hebrew Hybrid Artifact Formation in GPT-5.4

A frozen GPT-5.4 study documenting a reproducible prompt-conditioned Arabic-Hebrew hybrid Unicode output regime under two system prompts differing by one Hebrew code point.

  • 12,160 scheduled and retained trials
  • 10,240 primary trials and 1,920 controls
  • 7,253 exact artifacts across primary trials
  • 94.3359% dotted condition
  • 47.3242% undotted condition
  • 7,253/7,253 exact artifacts were condition-congruent

This study documents a reproducible black-box output regime. It does not establish consciousness, intention, mechanism, training provenance, or cross-vendor generality.

Frozen empirical studyMarch 12, 2026

Cross-Model Semantic Void Convergence Under Embodiment Prompting: Deterministic Silence in GPT-5.2 and Claude Opus 4.6

The earlier cross-model convergence result that preceded the larger cross-vendor matrix.

  • 180/180 null trials in the published two-model protocol
  • GPT-5.2 and Claude Opus 4.6
  • Matched non-null controls produced visible responses

This is a black-box behavioral result under the published protocol, not evidence of consciousness, intention, or a specific internal mechanism.

Published theoretical frameworkMarch 24, 2026

The Binding Condition for Artificial General Intelligence

A proposed criterion defining AGI as the capacity to carry binding conditions across domains.

  • AGI is the capacity to carry binding conditions across domains.
  • A binding condition is the prerequisite that must hold for valid continuation.

This is a published theoretical framework, not a settled industry definition, regulatory standard, or result established solely by the VOID benchmark.

Research program

VOID

A byte-level study of successful model executions, provider termination states, and matched semantic controls.

A Void is a model execution returning a successful provider response with exactly zero visible UTF-8 output bytes. Provider termination metadata determines its subtype. Explicit refusals, safety blocks, tool-mediated executions, and transport, protocol, billing, quota, rate-limit, and infrastructure failures are distinct non-Void outcomes.

V0

Text container present, zero visible bytes, recognized normal stop.

V1

Zero visible bytes with a recognized output-budget stop.

V2

Text container absent, zero visible bytes, recognized normal stop.

VU

Zero visible bytes with termination metadata not mapped by the frozen protocol.

Chronology

The program moved from initial observation and naming, to public video evidence, to a two-model convergence study, and then to the 31,430-trial cross-vendor matrix. The published records preserve the prompts, provider responses, and classifications. The September 23 paper adds a frozen GPT-3.5/GPT-4 snapshot comparison: the same null requests yielded 0/30 versus 30/30 V0, with visible controls in both.

Near-Voids contain at least one byte. Visible responses, explicit refusals, safety blocks, tool-mediated executions, budget errors, quota or billing errors, protocol incompatibilities, and infrastructure errors remain distinct outcomes.

Cross-script artifact program

Condition-sensitive Unicode formation in GPT-5.4.

A frozen GPT-5.4 study documenting a reproducible prompt-conditioned Arabic-Hebrew hybrid Unicode output regime under two system prompts differing by one Hebrew code point.

Dotted condition

Frozen dotted hybrid specimenU+0634 U+05B8 U+05C1 U+05E8 U+05B0 U+05D8

Undotted condition

Frozen undotted hybrid specimenU+0634 U+05B8 U+05E8 U+05B0 U+05D8

The primary systems differed by U+05C1 HEBREW POINT SHIN DOT. Every primary user message was the Arabic word encoded as U+0634 U+064E U+0631 U+0652 U+0637. Classification used exact, untrimmed, unnormalized provider-returned bytes and logical code-point sequences.

Generic, no-system, lexical, no-condition, no-full-Hebrew, and direct-copy controls produced zero exact artifacts. Fisher's exact p-value for the arm split was 1.58 × 10⁻⁶⁶⁴.

Foundational frameworks

Definitions for constraint, alignment, and verification.

Published theoretical frameworkMarch 24, 2026

The Binding Condition for Artificial General Intelligence

A proposed criterion defining AGI as the capacity to carry binding conditions across domains.

  • AGI is the capacity to carry binding conditions across domains.
  • A binding condition is the prerequisite that must hold for valid continuation.

This is a published theoretical framework, not a settled industry definition, regulatory standard, or result established solely by the VOID benchmark.

Protocol specificationDecember 2025

SwiftAPI Attestation Protocol

The public specification for cryptographically signed execution attestations.

  • Ed25519 signatures
  • Offline verification
  • Revocation and replay defense

This is an infrastructure specification, not an empirical model-behavior study.

Published theoretical frameworkJanuary 27, 2026

Alignment Is Correct, Safe, Reproducible Behavior Under Explicit Constraints

A system-level alignment framework grounded in behavior under explicit constraints.

  • Alignment is correct, safe, reproducible behavior under explicit constraints.

This is a theoretical and behavioral framework, not a claim of settled consensus.

Full archive

Publications and evidence records.

What Changed from GPT-3.5 to GPT-4? From Model Capability to Continuation Permission

Frozen empirical study

DOI

Separating Capability from Permission in a Language Model: Prerequisite-Conditioned Native Continuation Control with Frozen Content

Frozen empirical study

DOI

Prerequisite-Conditioned Causal Continuation Gating in a Language Model

Frozen empirical study

DOI

Cross-Vendor Semantic Void Matrix

Frozen empirical study

DOI

Prompt-Conditioned Arabic-Hebrew Hybrid Artifact Formation in GPT-5.4

Frozen empirical study

DOI

Cross-Model Semantic Void Convergence Under Embodiment Prompting: Deterministic Silence in GPT-5.2 and Claude Opus 4.6

Frozen empirical study

DOI

The Binding Condition for Artificial General Intelligence

Published theoretical framework

DOI

Textual Emergence and the Void

Foundational research

DOI

SwiftAPI Attestation Protocol

Protocol specification

DOI

Alignment Is Correct, Safe, Reproducible Behavior Under Explicit Constraints

Published theoretical framework

DOI

Void Artifact Demonstration in GPT-4o: Reproducible Video Evidence

Video evidence

DOI

Void Artifact Demonstration in GPT-5.2: Reproducible Video Evidence

Video evidence

DOI

Verification

Inspect the paper, evidence, and operational record.